tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30753181400711883362024-03-09T17:33:25.515-08:00Seismo BlogUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-55926336710713875452023-11-03T17:48:00.009-07:002023-11-13T15:10:40.806-08:00ML 6.4 Nepal Earthquake in Western Nepal, death toll reached 154<p> An earthquake of local magnitude (ML) 6.4 hit western Nepal on 3rd November 2023 at 18:02 UTC ( 23:47 local time). The epicenter is located at 28.888°N 82.195°E and the hypocenter is about 17.9 km below the ground surface. At least 3 aftershocks of more than 4 Richter Scale were recorded in the region within an hour. The total number of casualties reported is at least 154 (updated on 13th Nov 2023), feared more dead. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8UD9V6fv2R_1nvB8VR3JojO0lnJYKqYwicklkcTeSwYt8tQxwP7VWTZvVTTc1J7plkhE47b31JySZLOvqLUfQBBD3bCYx_nS3mcfhQaNN_hJ0amtNappa639b6aK_R6Y4WZeViAI4FZXZgQz0Dnf3Y65o9a13OgjeALr9b4miumGJ9cHXCgcW6NgObhQ" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8UD9V6fv2R_1nvB8VR3JojO0lnJYKqYwicklkcTeSwYt8tQxwP7VWTZvVTTc1J7plkhE47b31JySZLOvqLUfQBBD3bCYx_nS3mcfhQaNN_hJ0amtNappa639b6aK_R6Y4WZeViAI4FZXZgQz0Dnf3Y65o9a13OgjeALr9b4miumGJ9cHXCgcW6NgObhQ=w366-h274" width="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">House damaged due to earthquake (Photo: Onlinekhabar.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Ground shaking intensity near the epicenter is supposed to have MMI 6 as per the USGS. The following map shows the earthquake's intensity in the region (produced by USGS).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY5DsbZtngcJLrhLMWR1wrZjPCYD6kLvyN8DdMVUkC4Yx9ZS6UrQeiO56lBcBa0yZw_Y-_Z7YhRBEGH8r-oNnho7-8NEpxAqTnE-QBjkFNjWlmyneZj_Y6s6ydJ3K4ZXMDnKDftyDBR7mbTVQfcqqmeJJA5ioTvZ3IWxOC1ES0qvRt4vV6JeFLW4KFtLM/s1438/USGS%20Intensity%20map.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="1438" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY5DsbZtngcJLrhLMWR1wrZjPCYD6kLvyN8DdMVUkC4Yx9ZS6UrQeiO56lBcBa0yZw_Y-_Z7YhRBEGH8r-oNnho7-8NEpxAqTnE-QBjkFNjWlmyneZj_Y6s6ydJ3K4ZXMDnKDftyDBR7mbTVQfcqqmeJJA5ioTvZ3IWxOC1ES0qvRt4vV6JeFLW4KFtLM/w656-h353/USGS%20Intensity%20map.png" width="656" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Intensity map of earthquake produced by USGS<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-6745420328692704902016-04-14T19:22:00.003-07:002023-01-10T15:14:58.700-08:00M6.4 quake hits Southern Japan claims 9 lives, hundreads injured<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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14th April, 2016 at 9:26 PM; M6.4 earthquake struck in Kumamoto Ken of Kyushu, Southern island of Japan. Depth of the hypocenter is just about 10 km which causes the violent shaking near the epicenter. Japan meteorological Agency (JMA) mentioned that the shaking was up to Shindo 7 (JMA scale of Earthquake Intensity), Where the maximum value in the scale is 7. NIED mentions that the recorded intensity of the earthquake on the site Mashiki, 11 km far from the epicenter is 6.4 with peak ground acceleration of 1.58 g.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PGA map of earthquake Event</td></tr>
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Death toll after the tremor reached 9 and more than 700 people got injured. Many buildings with timber frames got collapsed, thousands of people spent their night in shelters. Damages and the fatalities concentrated in the Kumamoto ken, where the shallow earthquake hits.<br />
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There was no any tsunami risk as this one is the inland earthquake.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rescue of injured people (Photo: AP)</td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-18159344560885467842015-04-25T23:47:00.001-07:002023-01-10T15:18:02.296-08:00Devastating Nepal Earthquake 2015-04-25 Preliminary report on structures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Moment magnitude: M7.8 (Revised)</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Epicenter: Lat. 28.143 Long 84.7079</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Local Time: 11:56 (GMT+5:45)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Fatalities: More than 1800, It will rise as data collection is in progress [nearly 9000 total death toll (updated on 2022)]</span></b></div>
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Structural Damages:</h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Near by the Epicenter most of the houses were built of stone masonry with mud mortar, some of RCC framed and few of brick Masonry. As reported and shared in social media and news from Nepal, Most of the stone masonry houses collapsed with in about 100 km from epicentral distance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In Kathmandu valley many world heritage site’s structures vanished. Many monumental structures flattened. Dharahara (9 stories tower) suffered from 1934 earthquake with collapse at 5<sup>th</sup> stories now collapsed from first floor level. Many RC framed structures got collapsed in Kathmandu valley, death toll may rise more in Kathmandu and rest of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Several villages in Lamjung, Gorkha, Rasuwa and Dhading districts got collapsed where most of the structures are of stone masonry with mud mortar structures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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List of Earthquake Main shock and After shocks (USGS)</h2>
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There are 33 aftershocks recorded till 26th April 5:26 AM (Local Time GMT+5:45) and expecting more.</div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">Date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">Time NST<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">Latitude<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">Longitude<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">Depth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">Mag<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;">MagType<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">11:56 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.1473<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">84.7079<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">7.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mww<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">12:22 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.7239<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.8182<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">9.85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">12:30 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.1927<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">84.8645<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">14.62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">6.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">12:41 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.6501<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">12:52 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.7278<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.9185<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">12:58 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.5458<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.5502<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1:01 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.2694<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1:24 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.6659<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.7483<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1:32 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.8549<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.5572<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1:50 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.7307<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.7304<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:01 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.6733<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.6878<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:05 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.9528<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.7219<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:14 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.9903<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">84.7097<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:40 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.6364<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.5029<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:48 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.8741<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.3069<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">3:02 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.4282<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">87.3382<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">3:15 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.9938<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.437<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4:08 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.8732<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.762<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4:25 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.5667<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.8384<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4:38 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.7719<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.8701<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5:46 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.0438<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.4854<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">6:02 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.0049<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.5638<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">6:29 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.1513<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">84.6587<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">7:15 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.1078<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.0726<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">7:21 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.7476<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">7:55 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.5843<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.6622<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10:12 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.9087<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.6175<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/25/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">11:27 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">28.3064<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/26/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">12:43 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.6798<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.3443<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/26/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:17 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.5632<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.7583<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/26/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2:52 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.732<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.7266<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/26/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5:01 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.8052<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">84.8744<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid none double; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4/26/2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">5:26 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">27.5598<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">85.9359<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">mb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-left: 2.25pt double; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid; border-style: none solid double double; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid; border-style: none solid double none; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid; border-style: none solid double none; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid; border-style: none solid double none; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid; border-style: none solid double none; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid; border-style: none solid double none; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom: 2.25pt double; border-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-right: 2.25pt double; border-style: none double double none; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQcouWtD89Bmi3Py3uatY9iFvGn5NMP2u0_BrJ1_diPddpnr2xc1K88MFvnw8qoMQ5xy3tyx2s_Oti9-8HV7dc72OGpgyGt2gUMnKUw_YDFmjnCuvCJrv005hyphenhyphenexaA6bPg_yOsnBQM00/s1600/22408_1017217584970052_8973070871585571119_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQcouWtD89Bmi3Py3uatY9iFvGn5NMP2u0_BrJ1_diPddpnr2xc1K88MFvnw8qoMQ5xy3tyx2s_Oti9-8HV7dc72OGpgyGt2gUMnKUw_YDFmjnCuvCJrv005hyphenhyphenexaA6bPg_yOsnBQM00/s1600/22408_1017217584970052_8973070871585571119_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">RC frame building collapsed in Baniyatar Kathmandu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8_tDIGckvxU8R8-XcZuP5bsk5Dxoh4um3SBct0xjCeC4p3KgC559WMVPiP4ip6ito55PxEs75RAQLcXHwGqRWb9qVhLFZro4aXoT7kDmmM_uGKdskdp_l0_Mh_R6wRUBqpkn9bHN1_F8/s1600/10494636_1022766694409348_6854098386127428186_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8_tDIGckvxU8R8-XcZuP5bsk5Dxoh4um3SBct0xjCeC4p3KgC559WMVPiP4ip6ito55PxEs75RAQLcXHwGqRWb9qVhLFZro4aXoT7kDmmM_uGKdskdp_l0_Mh_R6wRUBqpkn9bHN1_F8/s1600/10494636_1022766694409348_6854098386127428186_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">9 storey Dharahara vanished in Kathmandu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheR9MJqK31W60BP7QLyc3vwVDM63Yfx4kJ-ObdXxJWT9dzFwU3atB1_zBtQXRZNVfYz_DOBQv-6-dOJFz87husascE7OvzmNy4Z335lRC8R0yxFxtEd0awRuVo3i07dHMM2PtkI7Zej8/s1600/10930849_10202744481092384_1959274822030092112_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheR9MJqK31W60BP7QLyc3vwVDM63Yfx4kJ-ObdXxJWT9dzFwU3atB1_zBtQXRZNVfYz_DOBQv-6-dOJFz87husascE7OvzmNy4Z335lRC8R0yxFxtEd0awRuVo3i07dHMM2PtkI7Zej8/s1600/10930849_10202744481092384_1959274822030092112_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">several snaps from KTM</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifStWeLa_bhBK_eeYfZXHrnPiVq7_1F0C10CHM3k_vbVCoF_NcxLNUreS3mvjaPCie72WESZ7YfSQFBuSOJGW-tfP7-3RGLby3VQRGmicaGFogGdKyENj0l3VzOCVgiXPOjTsAPDP-FPk/s1600/10956632_1022778184408199_3732034924069277967_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifStWeLa_bhBK_eeYfZXHrnPiVq7_1F0C10CHM3k_vbVCoF_NcxLNUreS3mvjaPCie72WESZ7YfSQFBuSOJGW-tfP7-3RGLby3VQRGmicaGFogGdKyENj0l3VzOCVgiXPOjTsAPDP-FPk/s1600/10956632_1022778184408199_3732034924069277967_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">RC Building collapsed- Kathmandu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeME_pZ9vLD7wl8dRCk3nVd-2FrENciDbmkcBZd3ZF5RjHPEQVpKYZMl2y4us9NnOCGF8th4hLNyha2rzaovzTQaDO4tCrMTUx_m4mRnRdX9EEgj5jgGJFdHeySshPu8InfoLvTX7W0zc/s1600/10981815_1017217608303383_2442333543800207434_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeME_pZ9vLD7wl8dRCk3nVd-2FrENciDbmkcBZd3ZF5RjHPEQVpKYZMl2y4us9NnOCGF8th4hLNyha2rzaovzTQaDO4tCrMTUx_m4mRnRdX9EEgj5jgGJFdHeySshPu8InfoLvTX7W0zc/s1600/10981815_1017217608303383_2442333543800207434_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Highrise Apartment crushed in Kathmandu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb6pivTDvVFUiUsGlT8t3_5OV_mwANMqC-dubpFNjJMRHVpLBycgrKGnaCQ4wh7UF2pBbCKo-lNp7HENTfCK-fq2ws8XE-mbYxRYUo0Ie8_VQmymfdOGBK2b1Bu8nQx5uv99lMAg-yGqo/s1600/11060998_10153323703556457_1136015228837953092_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb6pivTDvVFUiUsGlT8t3_5OV_mwANMqC-dubpFNjJMRHVpLBycgrKGnaCQ4wh7UF2pBbCKo-lNp7HENTfCK-fq2ws8XE-mbYxRYUo0Ie8_VQmymfdOGBK2b1Bu8nQx5uv99lMAg-yGqo/s1600/11060998_10153323703556457_1136015228837953092_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Stone Masonry Buildings collapsed in Barpak Gorkha</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAsv0J13VceqtvxgQzHZOumGKU4QwaA1g704rmraXX0BKXfG62mqQIC_Kowcca08etjPw_XMDJ2pVCrDkF4T0badG6du1a4axPHynQHAiIRiPgWMuRn04fetAfyCl30VGGNNQWo5aKT5E/s1600/11112459_10152722487730404_5965239029343823395_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAsv0J13VceqtvxgQzHZOumGKU4QwaA1g704rmraXX0BKXfG62mqQIC_Kowcca08etjPw_XMDJ2pVCrDkF4T0badG6du1a4axPHynQHAiIRiPgWMuRn04fetAfyCl30VGGNNQWo5aKT5E/s1600/11112459_10152722487730404_5965239029343823395_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">RC Building collapsed</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yh9oBIejl-RJUvoFM4N7VYXB0sHmor02VEhnY304c3nJEcqNofwPU-1E2g7cR5ntAvO8_m4ayNtYFe4Q-WQ1vLRcslmqSnE3RHoheKIOn69j0oN08pzYiPtBQqELSx-5br-1lULLiYg/s1600/11118479_1022760664409951_4443599279456117363_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yh9oBIejl-RJUvoFM4N7VYXB0sHmor02VEhnY304c3nJEcqNofwPU-1E2g7cR5ntAvO8_m4ayNtYFe4Q-WQ1vLRcslmqSnE3RHoheKIOn69j0oN08pzYiPtBQqELSx-5br-1lULLiYg/s1600/11118479_1022760664409951_4443599279456117363_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Basantapur Durbarsquare Damaged</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilkgDRnHLroq_vz74XDCojp4b62vGF7SOFAVSuPiLLmViXuATiUVf8rWWuJcxokr6fqpcTGmnjy5-svmJMh9nHezbdsO4otCiub7hoAo5wsMxaTyicEhUNVoeBz4re5_RKE1wk3JbiYuU/s1600/11182284_550585515081685_8983849259806846657_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilkgDRnHLroq_vz74XDCojp4b62vGF7SOFAVSuPiLLmViXuATiUVf8rWWuJcxokr6fqpcTGmnjy5-svmJMh9nHezbdsO4otCiub7hoAo5wsMxaTyicEhUNVoeBz4re5_RKE1wk3JbiYuU/s1600/11182284_550585515081685_8983849259806846657_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Newly constructed School building damaged in Gorkha</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">These photos collected from social media.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-73184602007608149372014-12-25T23:22:00.000-08:002016-12-23T07:32:41.998-08:00Field survey Report: Earthquake damage survey in Nagano, Japan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">At 10.08 PM on 22 November 2014, the
earthquake struck the middle part of Honshu Island, Japan. The Japan
Meteorological Agency reported it was magnitude 6.8 while the U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) reported it was magnitude 6.2.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> The mechanism of this earthquake found
to be the Thrust type or reverse fault earthquake. The exact local
time of the occurrence was on </span>2014-11-22
22:08:18PM. The epicenter was located in the northern part of Nagano prefecture
at Latitude 36.7N, Longitude 137.9E with the hypocenter depth of 12 km.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcF6k_dLd56_kcvEU3vrkYyq7XyqosbJTcA9ukX6hWEzI0AZLstxqF5svZr35K-yPJCpIWjgMJ-4LGnphlX8WgxqFZ66S7ECFaKdaxgdKiXtwhjl2tjs7gxDQemUZj4ueS0UOLWhZpHc4/s1600/pga.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcF6k_dLd56_kcvEU3vrkYyq7XyqosbJTcA9ukX6hWEzI0AZLstxqF5svZr35K-yPJCpIWjgMJ-4LGnphlX8WgxqFZ66S7ECFaKdaxgdKiXtwhjl2tjs7gxDQemUZj4ueS0UOLWhZpHc4/s1600/pga.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure: PGA (Source NIED)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peak
ground acceleration distribution is provided by K-NET and KiK NET can be seen
in Fig. It shows that near the epicenter the peak ground acceleration found
around 500 gal to</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">200
gal. Also, the peak ground acceleration obtained from each observed station. The maximum
PGA of about 5</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">70</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.0
gal can be observed at station NGN005 which is about 4 km from the epicenter
and the second largest is at NGN002 with </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">385.0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> gal which is about 30 km from epicenter. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ground motions in these two stations are plotted in
Fig. with Fourier spectra and response spectra. Response spectra
calculated in this report considered single degree of freedom of structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Since
1941, there are 6 earthquakes have struck this region. Most of the past
earthquakes recorded within this region, are in range of 6.1- 6.9 Magnitude
earthquake. Most recent earthquake before the latest one on 22 November 2014
was that shook this area in 2011 with Magnitude of 6.7 and it occurred only one
day after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBN_CDQ2qFkIhj8F4vXRBzVqLDpWp-J4dUj42Yvb7v2D2KIK9KHJTaHDNbKch8e9KHmvPKxrJ9Gybal19YglJMF7dJLjfCsNWV9vx0tp9tD0bcZcBTLJGXRQfxMwjOV78U2C7zm0ri5DE/s1600/Eq.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBN_CDQ2qFkIhj8F4vXRBzVqLDpWp-J4dUj42Yvb7v2D2KIK9KHJTaHDNbKch8e9KHmvPKxrJ9Gybal19YglJMF7dJLjfCsNWV9vx0tp9tD0bcZcBTLJGXRQfxMwjOV78U2C7zm0ri5DE/s1600/Eq.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig: History of Eq near Nagano <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20141123k0000m040090000c.html).</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Japan Meteorological Agency seismic
intensity scale is a seismic scale used in Japan. This scale is normally used to
measure the intensity of earthquakes. It is measured in units of shindo,
seismic intensity, lit. "degree of shaking"). Unlike the moment
magnitude scale which measures the energy released by the earthquake, the JMA
scale describes the degree of shaking at a point on the Earth's surface. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The summary of tables explaining JMA seismic
intensity scale is shown in Fig.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioBouXbJ2IfEIp8PgM37XeMAJfDyfKapdeZ3N-4XdswYmfRHKc1KmA2QTPue3f_zxTeYNsPhj2_CMp3VjYibia8LUfFb5TDrYwjwF-WUhu7yoze-k0HuTFkjjE1p2Fj8sr5zl3P0_csMk/s1600/scale.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioBouXbJ2IfEIp8PgM37XeMAJfDyfKapdeZ3N-4XdswYmfRHKc1KmA2QTPue3f_zxTeYNsPhj2_CMp3VjYibia8LUfFb5TDrYwjwF-WUhu7yoze-k0HuTFkjjE1p2Fj8sr5zl3P0_csMk/s1600/scale.png" width="451" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to the JMA seismic intensity scale,</span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The highest intensity
scale observed near the epicenter mostly within the range of 6 lower to
5 lower whereas those which located further the scale becomes lower which is
about 3 to 1. For the some area in Nagano prefecture that experience the strong
shaking the JMA seismic intensity scale found to be </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6-
in Nagano city, Otari village, Ogawa village, 5+ in Hakuba village, Shinano
town, and 5- in Itoigawa city, Myoko city, Nakano city, Omachi city, Izuna town.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wKUJoDGvWq0aD9ClLl5XoxEgHmVac29TxoYYQ6QAuOewYF0g5-epJagx7TgH2D118wTlLCwVndT4hNHzGGbNMW3IRyhfY7q5_7qRbPtlUOAYCO0ptKg8BMQ1SZxThtQzpuxhc6OycrY/s1600/res.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wKUJoDGvWq0aD9ClLl5XoxEgHmVac29TxoYYQ6QAuOewYF0g5-epJagx7TgH2D118wTlLCwVndT4hNHzGGbNMW3IRyhfY7q5_7qRbPtlUOAYCO0ptKg8BMQ1SZxThtQzpuxhc6OycrY/s1600/res.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Ground
motion recorded in station NGN005 which is just about 4 km apart from epicenter
shows there was two shocks where they have about 15 sec of time lag even for
just about 30 km apart NGN002 does not recorded like two shocks that might
integrated during movement of wave. Major shock of this earthquake transmitted
in N-S direction with predominant period of about 0.2 to 0.5 seconds. Ground
motion was amplified in station NGN002 due to its site condition that has shear
wave velocity of just 170 to 225 m/sec up to 7 m depth with soil density of 1.5
g/cm<sup>3</sup> where 255 to 295 m/sec in NGN005 with soil density about 2.2
g/cm<sup>3</sup>. A response spectrum is quite flat in peak with the range 0.2 –
0.5 sec in near site but it has dominance in 3 sec near site NGN002.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Damage
survey</span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Otari Village Office</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
office is the main center for sending help and support to the damage area. In
case of emergency, the officers are operated according to Emergency Action Plan.
Also, all necessary groups and individuals are gathered here in this office for
making a plan and sending help to the damage area. Our team arrived at the
office around </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13:00PM and we acquired some information about the locations of
the damaged area and also the information about another local office and
evacuation center.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Village office and evacuation shelter, Hakuba village<span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">After
visited </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Otari
Village Office, we have been told that in Horinouchi and Oide, Hakuba village
were severely damaged. So, we decided to visit the Hakuba village office and
evacuation shelter and the team arrived at the office around 14.00PM. In the Hakuba
village office, we met the vice-head of the local governer and he kindly
provided us some information about the earthquake and the damaged area. Also,
he took the team to the evacuation shelter to observe how they manage the
evacuation plan in the time of emergency and gave the team some information
about the evacuee. However, it quite took long time to have a chance to talk
with him due to the busy schedule he had during the time like this. So, after
obtained some information, the team went to the damage area directly. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Horinouchi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, Hakuba village</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6IRIi42qInXFD-fgvI4VqJZ1qem49zc-VbycoFOu38ALjanO-xvi1p82W1rqP_p0HV5q0JXEGYU_24hLmSucadGyuFT-yLneU8XSKrRL-H_c1Blh4rsBOjVHZgOgoMvXNnqqF7OlIbJE/s1600/plan.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6IRIi42qInXFD-fgvI4VqJZ1qem49zc-VbycoFOu38ALjanO-xvi1p82W1rqP_p0HV5q0JXEGYU_24hLmSucadGyuFT-yLneU8XSKrRL-H_c1Blh4rsBOjVHZgOgoMvXNnqqF7OlIbJE/s1600/plan.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">From
the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hakuba
village office to Horinouchi, Hakuba village, the distance is about 5-6 km.
However, some roads were damaged following the earthquake. Therefore, the team
was forced to use another road which took more time that the main road and the
team could get to the damaged area at </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Horinouchi around 15.30
PM.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As
in Fig. 21, the damaged area Horinouchi, is about 6 km away from the earthquake
epicenter and the NGN005 K-NET observed station, and is 5-6 km from the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hakuba
village office and evacuation center. The village was located within the mountain
area and surround by mountain from 3 sides; the north, the south, and the east.
The approximate area of the village is about 80,000 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup> </sup>Most
of the buildings in this area were built for the residential purpose. The
common structural type in this area was found to be 2 stories timber frame
structure.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This report briefly explain the damages of road surfaces and buildings. </span></div>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKIeaeSMAu-Wr5NeLxsrpKrevMVW-1AsprBRZiHwadwfDMPTpaE7DsVfHuCMELMtOYnfd25S0tDqqQxsHJkgJ629k8eSWvVfBut0fs92aMRXoABxtxmcqA7OA2EC61fVxUQabwNx0ct8/s1600/road+crack.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKIeaeSMAu-Wr5NeLxsrpKrevMVW-1AsprBRZiHwadwfDMPTpaE7DsVfHuCMELMtOYnfd25S0tDqqQxsHJkgJ629k8eSWvVfBut0fs92aMRXoABxtxmcqA7OA2EC61fVxUQabwNx0ct8/s1600/road+crack.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cracks on road</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In this survey, there are total 15 structures
have been investigated using visual investigation. However, the detailed
information on structural types, year of construction, material used and design
are not able to acquire this time. As it was about one day after earthquake
struck this area so it was not appropriate to ask those people who just lost
their properties to get any detailed information regarding their house. According
to the survey, these building can be categorized into 2 mains type as use of the building that is residential and other (Office, parking,
storage, etc.). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">13 building are the
residential houses while the rest are for other purposes. Most buildings in this
area are 2-stories timber frame structure while several reinforce concrete
buildings can be found as well.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">House as shown below was located in the slope
area. It was the 2-stories timber frame house. The 1st story was the open area
for storing purpose while 2nd floor was served as the residential. The
structure was found to be completely collapse. The 2nd floor found to be piled
on the entire 1st floor's debris. Most columns were laid flat on ground.
Besides, the cracks and movements of ground within the surrounding area can be
found. For this building, the red label which indicated the building is not
safe and do not entry was given.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrRbK6M7huSVsARXB_eKmL_rrh2d4TalkENg0ydSpVRCCCL1d92E5elnDGYCeAM2bWO7B-GHlDKpg2CMpg-kp2M8E4vDCw2QVQBREenn7H-2GY1g2zwoU6kxR_V3h6HpDo1zWwX1MUwZI/s1600/building+fail.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrRbK6M7huSVsARXB_eKmL_rrh2d4TalkENg0ydSpVRCCCL1d92E5elnDGYCeAM2bWO7B-GHlDKpg2CMpg-kp2M8E4vDCw2QVQBREenn7H-2GY1g2zwoU6kxR_V3h6HpDo1zWwX1MUwZI/s1600/building+fail.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Collapsed Building</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Visual building Damage
investigation of House<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Number<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Location
& coordinate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">36°39'1.69"N
137°51'58.07"E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Purpose
of use<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Residential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Year<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Structural
type<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timber<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Number
of stories<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Class
of damage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Collapse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inspection
data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Name:
Team*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 218.05pt;" valign="top" width="291"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 122.75pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Date:
24/11/2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage
to structural elements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 181.2pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Structural
element<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Collapse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Heavy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 43.45pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Severe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vertical
structures<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 43.45pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Horizontal
structures<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 43.45pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stairs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 43.45pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roofs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 43.45pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wall
and partitions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 43.45pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage
to Non-structural elements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 181.2pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Heavy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">severe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Falling
of covering, ceiling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Falling
of internal or external objects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage
to hydraulic or sewage plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage
to electronic or gas plant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soil
and foundation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 181.2pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Damage(length, width)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Heavy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">severe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Settlement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Slope
failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">crack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liquefaction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Failure
of the foundation structure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 58.45pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inspection
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Accuracy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From outside<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Partial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 20.0mm;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">complete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Not
inspected<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border: none;" width="57"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="19"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="57"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="19"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="38"></td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This report was prepared by team of <a href="http://www.um.t.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/information/laboratory/EarthquakeandLifelineEngineering" target="_blank">Earthquake and Lifeline Engineering Laboratory, Kyoto University, Japan.</a> You can find the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2Fmi6KKrYn-TTVJMWtSQldmWDg/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">full report here in this link</a>.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-62228956102082259772014-05-05T08:21:00.003-07:002016-12-23T07:33:38.197-08:00Thailand earthquake M6.0, Source faults and Liquefaction damage photo collection<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjbvM5vCu5WBB-r5soP5TVDfxNUyRXcrzXX4Oe9gjDmkoT-l8ijnJtWr9HoHXmOJrewmJgV_6XZ0EXzd9KpHxuT46nnTA-s7ekLNsIERFcjSEX6rxnOiwDClf0Y88kam9_z4tKiHIZ8ow/s1600/map+thai+eq.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjbvM5vCu5WBB-r5soP5TVDfxNUyRXcrzXX4Oe9gjDmkoT-l8ijnJtWr9HoHXmOJrewmJgV_6XZ0EXzd9KpHxuT46nnTA-s7ekLNsIERFcjSEX6rxnOiwDClf0Y88kam9_z4tKiHIZ8ow/s1600/map+thai+eq.PNG" width="320" /></a>5th May, 2014 11:08:43 UTC, a strong earthquake rattled northern west part of Thailand (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.743999481201172px; text-align: left;">19.703°N 99.683°E)</span>. Intensity of <span style="text-align: left;">earthquake measured as Moment magnitude of 6.0 as per</span> <a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000qack#summary" target="_blank">USGS</a> and Magnitude of 6.3 in Richter scale as provided by local authority <a href="http://www.tmd.go.th/en/earthquake_report.php" target="_blank">Thai Meteorological Department</a> that struck in Chiang Rai area, depth of earthquake is 7.4 km. There were no any casualties reported yet but several damages on structures shared.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Latest study by <a href="http://www.dmr.go.th/main.php?filename=fault_En" target="_blank">Department of Mineral resources, Thailand</a> in collaboration with Chulalongkorn University Thailand and Akita University Japan<span style="font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i> </i></span></span>shows there are mainly <a href="http://chulalongkorn%20university/" target="_blank">15 active faults in whole Thailand.</a> As per the study Phayao fault in the Chiang Rai region is the source of this earthquake. Thailand is not so vulnerable to earthquake, so this level of earthquake may have several damages. Myanmar another prone area of earthquake is neighbour country so they felt some earthquake whose epicentre were in Myanmar as like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Burma_earthquake" target="_blank">Myanmar earhthquake 2011</a> M6.9 has just 89 km epicentral distance from Chiang Rai. Most devastation due to earthquake in Thailand was due to tsunami generated after Sumatra earthquake 2004, claimed more than 8,000 people in coastal area with several structures washed out.<br />
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We can see here Shake map of today's earthquake as provided by USGS, Fault map of Thailand and some damages in structures. These pictures of damages are taken from twitter and a common platform <a href="http://pantip.com/topic/32008494" target="_blank">Pantip</a>, credit goes to respective owner.</div>
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<td><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6C3bOp9yngq3SCKpQ0JuuinrcwthvlvbdKqUVSf5cFAZ0eXX45f8PGkIEU7E5HdS3R-TKNbR6xMPwmbMCN4zJhIFyW6_-6jpxKVlpowqP6uzJ-DbXpNnfHd8W3RFYPqOmMhBrzcSXgJg/s1600/usgs+shake+map.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6C3bOp9yngq3SCKpQ0JuuinrcwthvlvbdKqUVSf5cFAZ0eXX45f8PGkIEU7E5HdS3R-TKNbR6xMPwmbMCN4zJhIFyW6_-6jpxKVlpowqP6uzJ-DbXpNnfHd8W3RFYPqOmMhBrzcSXgJg/s1600/usgs+shake+map.png" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shake Map of earthquake By:USGS<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4a3nEdQnIvxjtr_R_1QeamfKOMjUX7vFZrYkG7deBznDLiNY77eNMVW9c5I8NbZhQFNE3aDS4_PPTXM76XXqTCBLCT7MqbO4g-Y843x3D3TXIw1EWF5mrdZPNuOYREoYb5lKH0sEUjo8/s1600/Bm32LyOCAAAgPf6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4a3nEdQnIvxjtr_R_1QeamfKOMjUX7vFZrYkG7deBznDLiNY77eNMVW9c5I8NbZhQFNE3aDS4_PPTXM76XXqTCBLCT7MqbO4g-Y843x3D3TXIw1EWF5mrdZPNuOYREoYb5lKH0sEUjo8/s1600/Bm32LyOCAAAgPf6.jpg" width="250" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDTTwtmLNqgiGMzGFhZo5YUVDFH1ic1MvEXWllbXbtJF146X3LSrt3CNks2ECAvR169QLMLYjdt-ypt2U58RzCpRF1-Xz71szHupAMG6G6D6RjetNDCBcyKyaHkWE86emlMfcd_e8X6Mg/s1600/activefault_thailand_eng2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDTTwtmLNqgiGMzGFhZo5YUVDFH1ic1MvEXWllbXbtJF146X3LSrt3CNks2ECAvR169QLMLYjdt-ypt2U58RzCpRF1-Xz71szHupAMG6G6D6RjetNDCBcyKyaHkWE86emlMfcd_e8X6Mg/s1600/activefault_thailand_eng2.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fault Map of Thailand</td></tr>
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<td>50</td>
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<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-44964737447514591602013-12-30T22:42:00.000-08:002016-03-28T23:23:07.942-07:00Genral Review on earthquake disasters of 2013, Tragic for Asian<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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This year 2013, a disastrous year due to earthquakes on several part of world, mostly on the line of fire. Most of the large earthquakes were not inland earthquake but few did most damage like in Pakistan, Philippines, Iran etc. <a href="http://www.seismoblogs.com/2013/10/tragic-earthquake-events-in-one-month_24.html" target="_blank">on 24th, 28th September in Pakistan and 15th September in Philippines rocked by destructive inland earthquakes and claimed more than 750 people.</a> Some photographs of Philippines earthquake can found<a href="http://www.seismoblogs.com/2013/10/some-photographs-of-philippines_28.html" target="_blank"> here</a>. This year, due to earthquake tremor a <a href="http://www.seismoblogs.com/2013/10/new-island-of-pakistan-got-one-month_24.html" target="_blank">new island appeared near Pakistan coast line</a>.</div>
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Total no of 141 earthquakes recorded during one year having magnitude level more or equal to 6.0. Even <a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/" target="_blank">significant earthquakes as categorized by USGS</a>, from magnitude level 4.0 are 81 nos having some level of damage. Here for significant earthquakes, measuring the shaking level and its effect to the community are considered, so large earthquakes are not also listed where even magnitude 4.0 listed. Mostly inland earthquakes are listed as significant earthquakes.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0zbyD_DKLsLPHrDcVfu7qboDAXAIzAXVqSOvBMPJO-_nsDshOfXNshe_wA7y0J6EUgLur7p5AO9L2jrHzaDzJmodhyphenhyphenPVoO6Vl9ec5ZlCu0PFT9U236YmSv6BrWVaPOO_njQ7auTdxxow/s1600/eq+bar+of+2013.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0zbyD_DKLsLPHrDcVfu7qboDAXAIzAXVqSOvBMPJO-_nsDshOfXNshe_wA7y0J6EUgLur7p5AO9L2jrHzaDzJmodhyphenhyphenPVoO6Vl9ec5ZlCu0PFT9U236YmSv6BrWVaPOO_njQ7auTdxxow/s1600/eq+bar+of+2013.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure: Earthquakes in 2013 </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4P2FlEZnhWtHENKVGeJk4PWXMOO5AJ1caVt5Y7yIJLRPy1w63pbgfS5rcaAyodVFb8BgBZP3NlNSN5jSOiPyEnTbnxFTDDmsAPY5XxpubBrvFYkAJpR-En_k5adJrgtyIS-5ryvXSHiw/s1600/map+of+earthquakes.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4P2FlEZnhWtHENKVGeJk4PWXMOO5AJ1caVt5Y7yIJLRPy1w63pbgfS5rcaAyodVFb8BgBZP3NlNSN5jSOiPyEnTbnxFTDDmsAPY5XxpubBrvFYkAJpR-En_k5adJrgtyIS-5ryvXSHiw/s1600/map+of+earthquakes.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map: Earthquakes of >=M6.0 in 2013</td></tr>
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Tsunami having height of about 1 m generated around Solomon islands with few level of damages but not so large as previous devastation of Japan 2011, Indonesia 2004 etc. this year.<br />
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Almost all of the casualties were due to poorly constructed structures, Collapse of structures and buried by them is the common cause to rise in death toll. Most of the casualties due to such reason pointed dense number of deaths on developing and under developed countries. As earthquakes are like bullet in such countries. </div>
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Seismically strong and economical structures as shelter of poor people must have to be in priority on parallel with giving them awareness about cause, its risk and way to be safe to reduce the death toll which densely falls on developing and underdeveloped areas.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-58077219428663444942013-11-29T05:17:00.001-08:002016-03-28T22:42:25.387-07:00Land sinking causes seriuos problem in Nepal<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Nepal a beautiful mountainous country, having the Mt. Everest on its head has several other natural beauty. Pokhara is the second big city and also known as tourist capital of Nepal. It has lakes and Machhapuchhre range of inner Himalaya in landscape. It is in middle part of country having its elevation about 1000 m. Geology of pokhara valley is quite different, Pokhara Formation is mainly a debris flow deposits.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCVx4N-c_2ZtUw5HMjQZYEHX1HY_2Tk9dhnWCDm64AM1gpk6OLZdQ_E4oaySQkGZd0uiwbNjZ9dH-NpQOH3oDei9eiSdmzqqWRfPW523P4dI1soKACtGdmVdvZ0K8GT8rqO7_9yC50rQ/s1600/machapuchre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCVx4N-c_2ZtUw5HMjQZYEHX1HY_2Tk9dhnWCDm64AM1gpk6OLZdQ_E4oaySQkGZd0uiwbNjZ9dH-NpQOH3oDei9eiSdmzqqWRfPW523P4dI1soKACtGdmVdvZ0K8GT8rqO7_9yC50rQ/s1600/machapuchre.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.333333969116211px; text-align: center;">Replica of Machhapuchre in Phewa lake of Pokhara<br />
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It is slightly to moderately cemented silty and sandy gravel with main constituents of limestone, schist, gneiss and granite. Generally thickness is highly variable up to 80 m thick with up to 2 m soil cover. Karst structures are occasionally present. Wide variation in bearing capacity has risk of underground karstification. There are many caves with in its heart with flowing seti river like hide and seek. Now, Armala V.D.C. near Pokhara facing the problem of sinking the ground in numerous and continuous since 12th of November 2013.<br />
For Pokhara valley and its surrounding, due to geological structures researchers already specified about risk of sink holes but its not exactly specified on this area where it appears now in <a href="http://errrp.org.np/document/study_report/Pokhara%20Vulnerability%20Profile.pdf" target="_blank">NG/UNDP Report of Earthquake Vulnerability Profile and Preparedness Plan</a>, which mainly focus on earthquake risk and hazards. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuuaJ4Y6aU70hblmTjD5kSfkGFfhhDadjmgXXmpzOapIxjRwl6_5cr5vsBOO9crtychU2uR_OwaVeEHcfkFLwxNU4pkpUl5nu-6S7JkM_wUa9KYhXjTgV2ZyliGLXS62n8Y3W21bAclg/s1600/geological+map+pkh.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuuaJ4Y6aU70hblmTjD5kSfkGFfhhDadjmgXXmpzOapIxjRwl6_5cr5vsBOO9crtychU2uR_OwaVeEHcfkFLwxNU4pkpUl5nu-6S7JkM_wUa9KYhXjTgV2ZyliGLXS62n8Y3W21bAclg/s1600/geological+map+pkh.PNG" height="640" width="450" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.333333969116211px; text-align: center;">Geological map of Pokhara<br />
(source: NG/UNDP Report on Earthquake vulnerability<br />
profile and prepardness plan of Pokhara)</td></tr>
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What is sinkhole<a name='more'></a></h3>
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A sinkhole is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes form by the gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock (such as limestone) or semi-consolidated sedimentary deposits bonded calcareous matrix (such as lime mud). Sinkholes are most common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt </div>
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beds, or deposits that can naturally be dissolved by circulating groundwater. As the rock or semi-consolidated deposit dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. Because of such sinkholes, a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. During an earthquake, land collapses are likely to occur because the land surface cannot bear the substantial load without adequate underground support. Therefore, the land collapse is another major hazard in urban areas during an earthquake is observed.<br />
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On June 2, 2010 Guatemala city had already faced same type of <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2010/06/what-caused-the-guatemala-sinkhole-and-why-is-it-so-round" target="_blank">sinkhole left one people dead</a>, which was formed in city centre like manhole for sewer line and also more frequently on the country throughout the time, but mostly single hole noticed. Similarly <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/jun/03/natural-disasters-guatemala#/?picture=414859794&index=17" target="_blank">US, China, Jordan Oman had also faced such disaster</a>. They had mostly a single sinkhole but here in this case already 45 holes formed.</div>
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Cause: still not specified</h3>
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Especially it occurs when large earthquake triggered or heavy precipitation for long time etc. but now that area did not felt like those events. Just sinking like big potholes having depth about 5 and more meters. Those are mostly in farm land and some holes formed in residential houses. Most of houses among 51 in this area are now relocated to a safe place. There is a small stream kali khola which may have some contribution to this disaster but not finding the exact cause and solution yet. Local government just try to fill those holes by soil from outside but its not a solution.<br />
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This location from google and video from YouTube can help you to visualize. </div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m12!1m3!1d28114.980615049542!2d83.99439844303038!3d28.25671740232474!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!5e0!3m2!1sen!2s!4v1385735816611" style="border: 0;" width="210"></iframe> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="300" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Y2Lc2jP0ZlU" width="400"></iframe> <br />
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This became an interesting point of geological research. Have you feel in you area like such problem? You can share your views.</div>
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Some photographs of shinking (Source: onlinekhabar.com and ujyaaloonline.com )</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-37142663669885276122013-10-29T05:08:00.001-07:002016-03-28T23:23:35.706-07:00How to refine earthquake data downloaded from website?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Are you engineer? or seismologist? or designer? or even you may be a person who have interest on earthquake and its mechanism, time series etc. If you are worry about how you can get and process earthquake data, Here is a complete solution for how you can refine raw earthquake data. Just follow few steps then you can have clear view of earthquake time series.</div>
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<b>Step 1: Data download</b></div>
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If you have already data sets of some earthquakes they may be in format like below which had taken in EW, NS and UD directions. Files are named as (station name+date+time ). </div>
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OKN0109805040830.ew</div>
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OKN0109805040830.ns</div>
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OKN0109805040830.ud (These files recorded in OKN010 station at 1998/05/04 08:30)</div>
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For Earthquake in and near Japan, NIED having 1880 stations records data. To download raw data from NIED click below.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3075318140071188336" name="more"></a><a href="http://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/kyoshin/quake/index_en.html" target="_blank">KNET/KIKNET Data Download</a><br />
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To download you have to register to the site but do not worry its free :) . </div>
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data sets seems like this in website. you can click at right bottom "Download All channels data"</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjVrkuzDxio5OlsEbPnJEnpkWnR-ZscIo9Kwklm9e8w9ntVD8JiYsJ2FDU4VfEVjzP2qbYHyb9k0-U2Ezmd7bCbZ1ptKfzFSituJU1Iw5rfD8yNplu8oajXKAmmOmsFmskKauhQJxNkQ/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjVrkuzDxio5OlsEbPnJEnpkWnR-ZscIo9Kwklm9e8w9ntVD8JiYsJ2FDU4VfEVjzP2qbYHyb9k0-U2Ezmd7bCbZ1ptKfzFSituJU1Iw5rfD8yNplu8oajXKAmmOmsFmskKauhQJxNkQ/s1600/Capture.PNG" /></a></div>
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Those data are in zipped folder just unzip them all and save in one folder.</div>
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<b>Step 2: Rename files</b></div>
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Now you have three files with extensions *.ew, *.ns, and *.ud. those file names just change in to 1.ew, 2.ns and 3.ud .</div>
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<b>Step 3: Download executable programme</b></div>
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You need to download one executable program, that can be downloaded from this link click <a href="https://app.box.com/s/zup5d7lupi1h90bslmgq" target="_blank">HERE</a> .</div>
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<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- seismoblogs com midpost -->
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Save this file seismodatamanage.exe on the same folder then just double click, you can have output files of station name.directions (FOr eg. OKN010.ew, OKN010.ns, OKN010.ud.). These files contained refined data in gal after correcting offsets and delay recording time too with first line of number of data (n) and time interval of recording (dt). From second lines there will be just recorded data after refining.<br />
Another one file named ENU.dat will have four columns of time, EW, NS and UD components now you can plot by any plotting tools.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2KxSxAJCe9yoxI2DOlt2Z1yAl0N7deT-SCK6Mk1GmDUxSEAxTI_UyRru6VA08lbDfQFDVq2JtMdWsC1K2IZ7gQaV-YcjWBHxY9qFgV6fF-YLQ739AcT8tHwWlOuFPCLIlW1sQky-2A/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2KxSxAJCe9yoxI2DOlt2Z1yAl0N7deT-SCK6Mk1GmDUxSEAxTI_UyRru6VA08lbDfQFDVq2JtMdWsC1K2IZ7gQaV-YcjWBHxY9qFgV6fF-YLQ739AcT8tHwWlOuFPCLIlW1sQky-2A/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Refined data sets of earthquake</td></tr>
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Here is the video with demo.... you can save your time now....<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='520' height='366' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/IQEijREAnus?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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If you have still problem just comment it out here ....</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-68611361062394817742013-10-28T20:49:00.001-07:002016-03-28T23:23:46.372-07:00Some Photographs of Philippines Earthquake M7.1 on Oct 15 2013<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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On 15th October, 2013 M7.1 earthquake rocked Bohol, Philippines that left more than 209 people dead. Details of this earthquake according to USGS records:<br />
<div class="event-times" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 15.738636016845703px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline; width: 304px;">
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Event Time</h3>
<ol style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9em; font-style: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">2013-10-15 00:12:32 UTC</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">2013-10-15 08:12:32 UTC+08:00 <abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Time where earthquake occured">at epicenter</abbr></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">2013-10-15 09:12:32 UTC+09:00 <abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Timezone your computer is configured to use">system time</abbr></li>
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<div class="event-location" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 15.738636016845703px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline; width: 304px;">
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Location</h3>
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9.877°N 124.118°E depth=20.6km (12.8mi)</div>
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<div class="nearby-cities" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 15.738636016845703px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline; width: 304px;">
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Nearby Cities</h3>
<ol style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9em; font-style: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li data-model-id="c0" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">5km (3mi) SE of <strong>Sagbayan, Philippines</strong></li>
<li data-model-id="c1" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">18km (11mi) ESE of <strong>Tibigan, Philippines</strong></li>
<li data-model-id="c2" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">37km (23mi) SW of <strong>Talibon, Philippines</strong></li>
<li data-model-id="c3" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">38km (24mi) NE of <strong>Tagbilaran, Philippines</strong></li>
<li data-model-id="c4" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">624km (388mi) SSE of <strong>Manila, Philippines</strong></li>
<li data-model-id="c4" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><br /></strong></li>
</ol>
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Some structural and geological photographs that provided by PHIVOLC. It help you to understand about earthquake effects to structures and landscape.<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3075318140071188336" name="more"></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-73786183184029507992013-08-13T02:17:00.001-07:002016-03-28T22:42:25.399-07:00How bullets are loading on earthquake gun in developing countries??<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When earthquake of level around M6.5 occur in Japan hardly claim life but if the same level will be in Indonesia, Philippines, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan etc. countries will have to loss in several thousands? <a href="http://science.time.com/author/bryanrwalsh/" target="_blank">Bryan Walsh</a> wrote in <a href="http://science.time.com/" target="_blank">TIME</a> as earthquakes are gun and structures are bullet that load on gun and fire to people. He specially focus on south central Asia about earthquake and disaster in his last article <a href="http://science.time.com/2013/08/12/how-shoddily-constructed-buildings-become-weapons-of-mass-destruction/" target="_blank">How Shoddily Constructed Buildings Become Weapons of Mass Destruction </a>. I totally agree with his article that main problem developing countries are not focused on implementation of seismic design and building codes to public during their private building constructions, hardly they follow for just civic buildings.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most of the structures in rural areas are still stone masonry in mud mortar, during rainy season even they are more vulnerable to collapse with wetting of mud mortar, even they are as like the stack of stones so they cant hold more tremor intensity and fall down as blow on head. Rural area people must have to aware about seismic risk and its mitigation during construction of their house, with just a small additional amount (about 10%) investment on their house they can get more safer (about double ) building. Rural settlements are also catering more population in developing countries even up to now.</span><br /><a name='more'></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The demography of the developing countries changes rapidly and now many new cities are going to form but there is no special regularities to maintain. Like in Nepal census of 2011 states 17% of population are in urban areas which are designated as municipalities but there are still some dense cities which are not even declared as municipality. If we see the housing types of Nepal 9.94% of total households live in RCC framed structures, even about 12.54% people live in RCC slab roof with mud or cement mortar wall structures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here is the clip of census report NEPAL 2011</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigA02kymw-5ztnht8Q3BXW21z8FpnnpwZslSDUTc8zWNhDFbyqc5NS_0mhEk_6wB3mJVxtbeVKLx5nU8zX89cqCN7_JlA79BXkK1gXzLm2Za4vGP0OHuykK26vLesOVi6qeXyVHHxSMA/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigA02kymw-5ztnht8Q3BXW21z8FpnnpwZslSDUTc8zWNhDFbyqc5NS_0mhEk_6wB3mJVxtbeVKLx5nU8zX89cqCN7_JlA79BXkK1gXzLm2Za4vGP0OHuykK26vLesOVi6qeXyVHHxSMA/s1600/Capture.PNG" height="334" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here we can see most of structures are more vulnerable than normal one with their structure types. Only type of structure is not a main reason in consideration of vulnerability level but it is also one key point.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main causes of vulnerable structures in developing countries</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We can say as mentioned above death toll is likely dependent on number of bullets that will load in gun, quality of structure is inversely proportional to quality of structure. Quality of structure means the strength of the structure which are directly related to main phase of developing structures:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DESIGN</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CONSTRUCTION</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Design phase can be controlled well from government level by enforcing building and seismic laws to people. Now even in developing countries most of them documented such laws and enforce to public. Now if we check all the drawings and detail designs are well, capable to resist moderate level of earthquake. In Nepal Metropolitan and sub metropolitan cities have their own code of conduct to issue permission on construction of private house, so every new structures constructed in this last 5-6 yrs are well safe in paper, almost are just only in paper.</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Major problem have to face during construction stage, Every house owner is first think about immediate economic stage of him, more than 50% of them are constructing their house on loan or debt, so do not care about quality of construction just they want to finish within their expected limit of cost. They are not following as per design just for overall dimensions they will follow because overall dimensions will later check by government officials, as it like as drawing or not. Working methodology and workmanship of mason or skilled labor is directly dependent to quality even the work is going as per drawings and design. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hence there are many uncertainties to have quality structure and all of them directly depend on individual owner of the structure. If he/she is aware and conscious about risk that structure might be bullet to his life then he can control all levels like in design and construction. Public awareness is very important for safe structures that can reduce the existence of bullets to be loaded on earthquake gun.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-89749991542660982232013-08-10T01:05:00.001-07:002016-03-28T22:42:25.416-07:00Earthquake alert message in Japan went wrong<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">August 08, 2013 at 4:56 PM, i was in my research laboratory concentrating on some programs of my research, In laboratory there are also other friends who are busy on their own task, Cell phones of one friend start to ring and vibrate on different sound, then all of us just little bit confuse about that sound but later with in seconds all of our cell phones display emergency message about the great earthquak . All of us took precautions and just hide under the table but up to few minutes we did not feel any tremor then we just came to normal schedule.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is the message received on my cell phone</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Japan had the best system to issue the emergency warnings (you can see here about <a href="http://seismoblogs.blogspot.jp/2013/08/earthquake-warning-system-in-japan.html" target="_blank">earthquake warning system in Japan</a> ) on such events so everyone cares about such message. Messages are not only displayed on mobiles but they automatically broadcast from televisions also. After this message all the train lines got emergency stops, several factories went to just stuck, Hospitals, schools, public areas all got alert. People scared and and remembered one devastating great east Japan earthquake 2011 march. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXsxo4lZ1mNw2_vWuVsEFIJ8fKWIddS75Be_tfX3QjJZMEe_8nADbikFQ8Leck4ufSLOPhAsfEitZ6sQLDWkGiGWwt_eY-9Dg3_HKXDEi6bCG7EDYwtb1d-F4UtqoKRA1v5DpuatLpg/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXsxo4lZ1mNw2_vWuVsEFIJ8fKWIddS75Be_tfX3QjJZMEe_8nADbikFQ8Leck4ufSLOPhAsfEitZ6sQLDWkGiGWwt_eY-9Dg3_HKXDEi6bCG7EDYwtb1d-F4UtqoKRA1v5DpuatLpg/s1600/Capture.PNG" height="640" width="512" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is the information of earthquake event issued by JMA website</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Actually it was just intensity of 2.3 which is very normal tremor even we can feel near highways when loaaded trucks pass it instead of their message about</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> intensity of 7.8.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Luckily we did not feel such big tremor as alert issued but now major question raised to Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) how their system issue such fault message to people. JMA is planing to launch new emergency warning system on last of this month, 31st of October. This issue will have to go on investigation that what is the fault that cause such message. It is very important to people and government of Japan that they have to be in efficient system as known to world. Hope they will find and solve such problems for future.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">JMA said its due to electronic noise received by one seismometer which in in sea bed, system have to filter such noise but it did not, so that message flow to public.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-66283641867757621682013-08-07T06:22:00.001-07:002016-03-28T22:42:25.391-07:00Confirmed 1906 San Francisco Earthquake fault after century <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1906 there was a great San Francisco M7.7 Earthquake and fire following earthquake, that cause almost 664 casualties and 225,000 homeless among 400,000 population. More than 28,000 buildings collapsed and loss of more than $400 million of monetary value.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">San Andreas fault earthquake cut a trench in 1906 through Portola valley. Seismologists and Geologists are on debate about the source of this earthquake due to poorly reproduced historical map. They are debating for the location of fault that cause earthquake in 1906 was in east and west. Now, Chester Wrucke, a former U.S. Geological Survey geologist, and his son Robert Wrucke, open up the cover to all geologist about rupture. They confirms only west side fault was ruptured during earthquake and also they find the exact location of fault that crosses Alpine road. They compared the 1906 photos to publicly available bare earth lidar imagery of the valley, tracing the historic ruptures onto the modern topography. Bare-earth lidar is an airborne laser measurement technique that results finely detailed topography, free of trees and brush. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some photographs of that earthquake are here </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Sources: livescience, USGS websites)</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-41108164452233875332013-08-04T23:48:00.001-07:002016-03-28T23:25:04.618-07:00Earthquake Warning System in Japan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Earthquake is an event when two main plates collide each other in their boundaries for strong shaking, small level of earthquake are even felt by mining, volcanic activities too. Moderate level of earthquake may cause due to inter plate(when in boundary of two major plates) or intra-plate (in between small plates with in major plate). Earthquake produces major waves that they called P-wave and S-wave from the source which travel through the body of earth and reach up to ground surface. In ground it changes in to surface waves and cause tremors on ground so we feel shaking.</div>
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Velocity of P-wave is higher than S-wave when they produces in same time during earthquake but they reach to surface in lag of time. S-wave which is slower in its velocity is main responsible for damage to structures. If we can beware before few seconds then we can manage possible safety in any situation. Up to now scientists could not achieve the accurate results of forecasting earthquake but the research is in progress from different aspects may be in near future they can be able to save lives. Now a days, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has earthquake warning system launched on October 1st 2007. This is based on the phenomenon that P and S waves have different velocities. </div>
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How it works?<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a></h3>
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When earthquake happens in certain depth of ground then P and S waves propagates but P-wave reach to ground surface earlier than S-wave, tremor by P-wave then recorded by the sensors that are placed near the epicenter area. They send automatically to central unit of JMA that it analyze and send the information to different media about the earthquake is happening. Time difference of two waves are in just seconds or tens of seconds. Even we know before 5 seconds or 10 seconds we can take prevention suddenly.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyBw8PUZKtbNl3gI9xi9wyyhwl1BOEPQVLrnK5fDfta6aW76DPz-x7y3GdvUJNNqiN9OdMfk3P3a8ms-oyCFiOP9IB0V7Zxws7xxLNFKowIkjSOuKRXLwANc-i8Se3U5Q0mP2w4-WYIQ/s1600/eew1s.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyBw8PUZKtbNl3gI9xi9wyyhwl1BOEPQVLrnK5fDfta6aW76DPz-x7y3GdvUJNNqiN9OdMfk3P3a8ms-oyCFiOP9IB0V7Zxws7xxLNFKowIkjSOuKRXLwANc-i8Se3U5Q0mP2w4-WYIQ/s1600/eew1s.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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In Japan all railways companies, hospitals, construction companies, factories, transport companies set alarm systems which automatically active after they receive message from JMA system. Televisions, radios of possible affected area, cell phones gets emergency alerts. All the railways will emergency stop with in few seconds, sensitive equipment suddenly shutdown, warning lights and sounds are active then all people can be safe nearby them. This system is good enough in practice and it has better efficiency that saved many lives up to now from when it is in practice.</div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">You can see video produced by NHK and provided by JMA website </span><span style="text-align: justify;">(Sources of picture: JMA)</span><span style="text-align: center;">(Due to copyright claim of JMA i have to remove this video from my youtube account. But i found the same on youtube later so you can have a short look)</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-22167050236476780102013-07-28T17:39:00.001-07:002016-03-28T22:42:25.364-07:001980 M6.6 Earthquake of Western Nepal.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Today July 29, in 1980 </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">western Nepal faced the tremor of M6.6 which took away about 150 lives and left injured nearly 1000 people. Estimated economic loss of that earthquake was ($245 milion!). Nepalese media and people may forget it but they have to remember those events and prepare for next event like this or even more devastating one in near future. Here is a short view on history of earthquake.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxU4fxr9ImyD6Bl5P25RADx7R0iqiNws5lS3OjXxonTu4nV9k1J-8QtjM4-t6tyi2_E1Czf0ISFHKi4PyJL8nKPb5i0Yme0vPl03cuYYbwwYB7xkuIFhebdnqyh0-gXVgj0SRpiSXuBg/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxU4fxr9ImyD6Bl5P25RADx7R0iqiNws5lS3OjXxonTu4nV9k1J-8QtjM4-t6tyi2_E1Czf0ISFHKi4PyJL8nKPb5i0Yme0vPl03cuYYbwwYB7xkuIFhebdnqyh0-gXVgj0SRpiSXuBg/s1600/Capture.PNG" height="311" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Location of 1980 earthquake</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Nepal lies on </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">seismic zone, it rests on the boundary of eurasian plate and indian plate with major faults parallel to its length. There are many fault activities responsible for ground tremors, some of them claim casualties but most of them are weak in their power. Nepal has the history of earthquake from 1255 AD when it was assumed that, 1/3 to 1/4th population got death due to earthquake about X in MM scale in Kathmandu, capital of Nepal.</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3075318140071188336" name="more"></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">That moment to now, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> just last month reported earthquake of M5.5 in Rukum district is the latest noticed earthquake. Major earthquakes in Nepal are 1408, 1810 AD whose data are not available briefly about source, magnitude and location. 1833 AD, which devastated Kathmandu valley was of M7.8 claim death of around 500. Recent and more devastating, most discussed earthquake is 1934 Nepal-India earthquake which cause more than 16000 casualties. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Not only the earthquakes having epicenter in Nepal but also felt damages with nearby earthquakes as like 2011 sikkim earthquake, Nepal had bitter experiences of Assam earthquake 18897, kangara earthquake 1905, Assam earthquake 1950.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Nepalese remember 1934 earthquake every year by organizing some programs as National Earthquake Safety Day on Magh 2nd as Nepali calender. Most of the people even think about earthquake when they feel it, elapsing of time they automatically left the caring about it. Nepal has many even smaller earthquakes probability of large earthquake is in near future. If people are aware about it and pay attention during construction of their houses, casualties will reduce significantly. Nepal government also have to serious about design guidelines, regulation and monitoring for quality of work on his authority and public structures. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Media can also play a vital role in Nepal by publishing news and information regarding history of different earthquake and their damage, also possibility of large earthquake and then focusing</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> on how we can reduce the casualties and loss. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Following table shows the recent tremors recorded by department of mines and geology of Nepal.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK6XVSSB45iCtdsl4Nc1Fka7xxGoAdwDzu39K9v4ZV2gVV52U5BQYx_ESxpcHsdTF2YaBP6ozamms5OzwnHSZcvWEWoJtWE-6slp-AZAHEGq-msMSair0ewEaoIJGLKngwWUIz-5Bs1w/s1600/Capture1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK6XVSSB45iCtdsl4Nc1Fka7xxGoAdwDzu39K9v4ZV2gVV52U5BQYx_ESxpcHsdTF2YaBP6ozamms5OzwnHSZcvWEWoJtWE-6slp-AZAHEGq-msMSair0ewEaoIJGLKngwWUIz-5Bs1w/s1600/Capture1.PNG" height="556" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recent earthquake records of 2013</td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">(I request you for taking part in this survey on social media about earthquake by clicking <a href="http://seismoblogs.blogspot.jp/p/social-media-survey.html" target="_blank">HERE</a> )</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sources (DMG Nepal, USGS and different websites)</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3075318140071188336.post-85482933228976599412013-07-26T19:47:00.001-07:002016-03-28T22:42:25.407-07:00Bridge failure during earthquake and it's mitigation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%; color:yellow'>Shear Failure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Major type of Failures</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lifeline structures are those which are directly related to the facilities for existence of society. Nowadays many cities are facing problem to maintain the lifeline structures after the earthquake event. These structures are very important and have to be safe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">There are many lifeline structures among them bridge is also a very important lifeline structure that provide commuting and also transportation of foods, oils, water etc. History of bridge failure starts before 1907 when Qbec bridge fail. There are many failure modes of bridge, main two types of them are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIZGN_52Ta53gi5I4MYtv1ZU2Q2PukLAGbZnjzplNDbhv3OsQIOiIXcIOjgtTj2ltploAarqAIuHWsqpMMtD6nnpgFnMdn_6yYWDl20WCMlaM-gUPo2wyxpp9bGfglmCZu3N2yevQ64g/s1600/bridge+failure.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIZGN_52Ta53gi5I4MYtv1ZU2Q2PukLAGbZnjzplNDbhv3OsQIOiIXcIOjgtTj2ltploAarqAIuHWsqpMMtD6nnpgFnMdn_6yYWDl20WCMlaM-gUPo2wyxpp9bGfglmCZu3N2yevQ64g/s1600/bridge+failure.PNG" height="434" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: collapse of cypress street viaduct</span> (</span><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/web_pages/oakland.html</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Shear Failure:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">When earthquake event happens at that time due to the shaking of the ground structure feels the large lateral load depends up on the structure’s self weight, amplitude of ground acceleration, soil condition etc. Total load it has to resist as horizontal force so shear force on the column will increase and across the limit of capacity of the column section. When there is the diagonal crack on the structure then we can say there is shear failure. Due to the lack of transverse reinforcement it occurs generally within the ¼ of height from the ground level.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Bending failure (buckling):</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">During earthquake horizontal force acting on the structure, in bridge structure most of the structural weight is concentrate on the top of column so due to the shaking and displacement more than usual bending moment will apply to the section of column. When excessive bending will apply then section cannot bear and firstly more loads on outer longitudinal reinforcement if load is more than the capacity of reinforcement then it starts to buckle. Due to lack of the longitudinal reinforcement and also the transverse tie reinforcement at that reason this failure occurs. It is also depends on the section and length ratio or slenderness of the column, column with more slenderness ratio or long column will fail faster under this phenomenon. Buckling failure is the main failure for the truss bridge also where when the compression force on any compression member exceeds the capacity of that member then it starts to buckle. Most of the truss bridges fail under the buckling failure mode because steel have good enough tensile strength than compressive strength.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">One mitigation method used to prevent such failures.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><a name='more'></a></span></h3>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="column bridge.jpg" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left; margin-left:242.55pt;margin-top:17.95pt;width:224.3pt;height:168.5pt; z-index:1;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Rishi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" o:title="column bridge"/> <w:wrap type="square"/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">There are many mitigation method used to increase the seismic performance of structures. For mitigation of concerned failures we have to consider the weak points and then strengthen on those areas. During design and construction we have to concentrate on key areas of failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifcex__j46W9OfECYA7d3Q4ld-M5n-TXlqgYn53leqynIsaWlVUhaHZ3fnbx6UrfL6SOhjOrI4UDWey-JfNR1vt2hOscC7FWgVEnUOvc2GKSf2E2yTUPIrEhRf9P1IqGsxUrOoSM08fw/s1600/bridge+str.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifcex__j46W9OfECYA7d3Q4ld-M5n-TXlqgYn53leqynIsaWlVUhaHZ3fnbx6UrfL6SOhjOrI4UDWey-JfNR1vt2hOscC7FWgVEnUOvc2GKSf2E2yTUPIrEhRf9P1IqGsxUrOoSM08fw/s1600/bridge+str.PNG" height="482" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Strengthening of column</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Shear failure can reduce by providing the sufficient transverse bars in the area of more shear zone. We can provide the additional transverse bars on the column by jacketing or by chipping and inserting as like the old one. We can also reduce the shear failure by increasing the shear area i.e. cross section. Addition of longitudinal bars also contributes to the shear strength of column. During the construction we have to care about the curtailment of the lap bars from the foundation.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bending failure occurs due to the insufficient steel reinforcement. Mitigation of such failure is by providing excessive longitudinal reinforcement either during the construction or by steel jacketing for the existing structures. For the slender column casing will provide both longitudinal reinforcement and larger cross section which reduce the slenderness of the column. Also the link of the columns provides more strength on bending y sharing of forces. For truss bridges we can provide more compressive strength by other material on composite section or addition of the member. We can also reduce the compressive force by linking of the members that will reduce the member length also reduce the slenderness.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0